Preocupación por el contagio de la COVID-19 y carga laboral como predictores del malestar psicológico durante la emergencia sanitaria en personal de salud de Perú

Introducción: Durante la emergencia sanitaria, preocupan las repercusiones en la salud mental que pudieran estar experimentando los trabajadores sanitarios peruanos, quienes representan la primera línea de atención contra la COVID-19. Objetivo: Determinar si la preocupación por la COVID-19 y la carga laboral predicen el malestar psicológico en personal de salud. Métodos: Estudio predictivo en 367 trabajadores (enfermeros, médicos, técnicos en enfermería, obstetras, odontólogos, psicólogos, nutricionistas, entre otros) de ambos sexos en 12 redes de salud de la región de Puno, seleccionados a través de un muestreo no probabilístico intencional. Los datos se recogieron a través de la Escala de malestar psicológico de Kessler, la Escala de preocupación por el contagio de la COVID-19 y la Escala de carga de trabajo (ECT). Resultados: Se encontró que no hay diferencias significativas entre varones y mujeres en el malestar psicológico, la preocupación por el contagio de la COVID-19 y la carga laboral; además, se hallaron correlaciones muy significativas entre las variables de estudio (p < 0,01). El análisis de regresión múltiple demostró un ajuste adecuado para el modelo (F = 94,834; p < 0,001), en el que la preocupación por la COVID-19 (ß =-0,436; p < 0,01) y la carga laboral (ß = 0,239; p < 0,01) son variables que predicen significativamente el malestar psicológico (R2 ajustado = 0,33). Conclusiones: La preocupación por la COVID-19 y la sobrecarga de trabajo predicen el malestar psicológico en el personal sanitario de la región de Puno.

Introduction: During the health emergency, there is concern about the mental health repercussions that Peruvian health workers, who represent the front line of care for COVID-19, may be experiencing. Objective: To determine whether concern about COVID-19 and workloads predict psychological distress in healthcare workers. Methods: Predictive study in which 367 workers (nurses, doctors, nursing assistants, obstetricians, dentists, psychologists, nutritionists, among others) from 12 health networks in the Puno region participated, selected through intentional non-probabilistic sampling. The data were collected via the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, the COVID-19 Scale of Concern and the Workload Scale. Results: It was found that there are no significant differences between men and women in psychological discomfort and concern about COVID-19 infection and workload. Furthermore, highly significant correlations were found between the study variables (p <0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed an adequate adjustment for the model (F = 94.834; p <0.001), where concern about COVID-19 (ß = -0.436; p <0.01) and workload (ß = 0.239; p <0.01) are variables that significantly predict psychological discomfort (adjusted R2 = 0.33). Conclusions: Concern about COVID-19 and work overload predict psychological distress in health personnel in the Puno region.

Concern about COVID-19 infection and workload as predictors of psychological distress during the health emergency in Peruvian healthcare personnel.

INTRODUCTION: During the health emergency, there is concern about the mental health repercussions that Peruvian health workers, who represent the front line of care for COVID-19, may be experiencing. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether concern about COVID-19 and workloads predict psychological distress in healthcare workers. METHODS: Predictive study in which 367 workers (nurses, doctors, nursing assistants, obstetricians, dentists, psychologists, nutritionists, among others) from 12 health networks in the Puno region participated, selected through intentional non-probabilistic sampling. The data were collected via the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, the COVID-19 Scale of Concern and the Workload Scale. RESULTS: It was found that there are no significant differences between men and women in psychological discomfort and concern about COVID-19 infection and workload. Furthermore, highly significant correlations were found between the study variables (P < .01). Multiple regression analysis showed an adequate adjustment for the model (F = 94.834; P < .001), where concern about COVID-19 (ß = -0.436; P < .01) and workload (ß = 0.239; P < .01) are variables that significantly predict psychological discomfort (adjusted R2 = 0.33). CONCLUSIONS: Concern about COVID-19 and work overload predict psychological distress in health personnel in the Puno region.

Efectividad del programa del perdón REACH en universitarios de la selva peruana

El programa del perdón REACH es un tratamiento viable y basado en evidencias, sin embargo, no ha sido aplicado en participantes hispanohablantes. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del estudio fue determinar la efectividad del programa del perdón REACH sobre la depresión, la ansiedad, el estrés y las motivaciones ante la transgresión interpersonal en universitarios residentes en la selva peruana. El diseño fue experimental, de tipo cuasi-experimental. Participaron 38 universitarios (71.1% mujeres) con edades de 18 a 40 años (M=21, Me= 20,50, DE=4,29), divididos en dos grupos (grupo de intervención, 20; y control, 18). Se utilizó la Escala de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés (DASS-21), la escala Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations (TRIM-18) y el programa del perdón REACH de Worthington. Los resultados evidenciaron que, en el grupo de tratamiento, se redujeron los síntomas de depresión, ansiedad y estrés. Además de incrementarse el perdón y disminuir la venganza y la evitación hacia el ofensor; no obstante, no hubo diferencias significativas en benevolencia. Mientras que, en el grupo control, no se encontraron diferencias significativas antes y después del tratamiento. Se concluye que el programa del perdón es efectivo para mejorar la salud mental y las relaciones interpersonales de los universitarios participantes.

The REACH forgiveness program is a viable and evidence-based treatment; however, it has not been applied in Spanish-speaking participants. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of the REACH forgiveness program on depression, anxiety, stress and motivations for interpersonal transgression in university students living in the Peruvian jungle. The design of the study was experimental, of a quasi-experimental type. Thirty-eight university students (71.1% women) aged 18 to 40 years (M=21, Me=20.50, SD=4.29) participated, divided into two groups (intervention group, 20; and control, 18). The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations scale (TRIM-18), and Worthington's REACH forgiveness program were used. The results showed that, in the treatment group, symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress were reduced. In addition to increasing forgiveness and decreasing revenge and avoidance towards the offender; however, there were no significant differences in benevolence. While, in the control group, no significant differences were found before and after the treatment. It is concluded that the forgiveness program is effective in improving the mental health and interpersonal relationships of the university participants.

Liderazgo de servicio como predictor del rendimiento laboral en colaboradores municipales de la provincia de San Martín, en el contexto de COVID-19 / Service leadership and work performance: an analysis from the perception of public sector employees in the context of COVID-19

Objetivo: La investigación buscó analizar si el liderazgo de servicio predice el rendimiento laboral en los colaboradores municipales de la provincia de San Martín en el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19. Material y Métodos: El diseño es no experimental de corte transversal y de tipo predictivo. Se analizaron los datos de 424 trabajadores municipales de los distritos: Morales, Tarapoto y la Banda de Shilcayo, con edades entre 20 y 65 años y de ambos sexos. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: La Escala de Liderazgo de Servicio (ELSVA), creada por Dennis, Winston, Page, and Wong (2003) y la Escala de Rendimiento Laboral Individual, creada por Koopmans et al. (2014), ambas escalas validadas por Gabini and Salessi (2016). Resultados y conclusión: Los coeficientes β indican que el liderazgo (variable predictora) predijo significativamente el rendimiento laboral (β =, 512, p < .01); se infiere que las cualidades del liderazgo de servicio de los colaboradores pronostican la eficacia de los trabajadores en sus respectivos puestos. (AU)

Objective: This study sought to analyze whether service leadership predicts work performance on municipal employees in the province of San Martín - Peru, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and Methods: The design is non-experimental, cross-sectional, and predictive. We analyzed data of 424 municipal employees from the districts: Morales, Tarapoto, and Banda Shilcayo, aged between 20 and 65 years, of both sexes. The instruments used were: Service Leadership Scale (ELSVA), created by Dennis, Winston, Page, and Wong (2003); and Individual Work Performance Scale, created by Koopmans et al. (2014), both scales validated by Gabini and Salessi (2016). Results and conclusion: The β coefficients indicate that leadership (predictor variable) significantly predicted work performance (β =, 512, p < .01); it is inferred that service leadership qualities of employees predict the effectiveness of workers in their respective job positions. (AU)

Propiedades psicométricas de la “Escala rasgo de metaconocimiento de los estados emocionales” para medir inteligencia emocional en estudiantes peruanos / Psychometric properties of the "Trait Scale of metaknowledge of emotional states" to measure emotional intelligence in Peruvian students

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la“Escala rasgo de metaconocimiento de los estados emocionales” (TMMS-24) paramedir la inteligencia emocional en estudiantes peruanos. Participaron un total de699 estudiantes peruanos. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) con 210estudiantes y un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) con 489 estudiantes. Seutilizó la versión en español de la escala TMMS-24. Se realizó un análisis descriptivode los ítems. El análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) se realizó con el método deestimación de mínimos cuadrados no ponderados con rotación oblicua promin y elanálisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) se realizó mediante el modelado deecuaciones estructurales. La consistencia interna se estimó con el coeficiente αordinal. El AFE produjo una estructura de tres factores y las correlaciones entre losfactores fueron altas (entre 0,530 y 0,689). Con el AFC se observan índices debondad de ajuste adecuados (χ2= 385,868; TLI= 0,963; CFI= 0,967; RMSEA=0,034; SRMR= 0,041). El coeficiente α-ordinal muestra una consistencia internaadecuada (α= 0,93). El TMMS-24 presenta buenas propiedades psicométricas paramedir la inteligencia emocional en estudiantes peruanos. (AU)

The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the TraitMeta-Mood Scale (TMMS-24) for measuring emotional intelligence in Peruvianstudents. A total of 699 Peruvian students participated. An exploratory factoranalysis (EFA) was performed with 210 students and a confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) was performed with 489 students. The Spanish version of the TMMS-24 scalewas used. A descriptive analysis of the items was made. The exploratory factoranalysis (EFA) was performed with the unweighted least squares estimationmethod with promin oblique rotation and the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed through the modeling of structural equations. Internal consistencywas estimated with the ordinal α coefficient. The EFA yielded a three-factorstructure and the correlations between factors were high (between .530 to .689).With the CFA, adequate goodness-of-fit indices are observed (χ2= 385.868, TLI=.963, CFI= .967, RMSEA= 0.034, SRMR= .041). The α-ordinal coefficient showsadequate internal consistency (α= .93). The TMMS-24 presents good psychometricproperties for measuring emotional intelligence in Peruvian students.

Hope and Resilience Related to Fear of COVID-19 in Young People.

In the face of the psychological crisis of fear caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, it is relevant to know the positive impact of hope and resilience during this context. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between hope and resilience with fear of COVID-19 in young people. The design was non-experimental, cross-sectional, and correlational. The sample consisted of 192 young people living in Metropolitan Lima, Peru. We used the Hope-Despair Questionnaire, the Resilience Scale, and the COVID-19 Fear Questionnaire. The results show that there is a significant correlation between hope, resilience, and fear of COVID-19 in young people. On the other hand, a significant difference was found in resilience according to gender. Likewise, it was found that the variables hope and resilience explain 81% (R2 adjusted) of the fear of COVID-19 (F test = 21.53; p < 0.01). Hope and resilience are protective factors that have a positive impact when facing the fear of COVID-19. Thus, policies, programs, and public health strategies related to positive mental health should be promoted, with emphasis on hope and resilience.

Preocupación por el contagio de la COVID-19, apoyo social en el trabajo y ansiedad como predictores de la depresión en enfermeras peruanas / Concern because of COVID-19, Social Support at Work, and Anxiety as Predictors of Depression in Peruvian Nurses

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar si la preocupación por la COVID-19, el apoyo social y la ansiedad son predictores de la depresión en enfermeras peruanas durante la emergencia sanitaria. Material y métodos: Estudio predictivo de corte transversal, realizado en 216 enfermeras peruanas, a quienes se aplicó la Escala de Apoyo Social en el Trabajo (EAST), la Escala de Preocupación por la COVID-19 (EPPC-Cov19), la Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-2 (GAD-2) y el Patient Health Questionnarie-2 (PHQ-2). Los datos se analizaron mediante coeficientes de correlación y modelos de regresión lineal múltiple. Resultados: Se reportaron correlaciones significativas entre la preocupación por la CO-VID-19, ansiedad y depresión. Los análisis de regresión muestran un ajuste adecuado del modelo (Prueba F = 76,064, p < .001), donde la preocupación por el contagio de la COVID-19 (β = ,316, p < .01) y la ansiedad (β = ,417, p < .01) son variables que predicen significativamente la depresión en enfermeras peruanas (R2 ajustado = .39). Asimismo, los valores t de los coeficientes de regresión beta de las variables predictoras son altamente significativas (p < 0.01). Conclusión: Se concluye que experimentar preocupación por el contagio de la COVID-19 y la ansiedad predicen la aparición de síntomas depresivos en enfermeras peruanas que se encontraron trabajando en el contexto de la emergencia sanitaria.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine whether concern due to COVID-19, social support, and anxiety are predictors of depression in Peruvian nurses during a health emergency. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional predictive study, conducted on 216 Peruvian nurses, to whom the Social Support at Work Scale (EAST), the Concern for COVID-19 Scale (EPPC-Cov19), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-2 (GAD-2) and the Patient Health Questionnarie-2 (PHQ-2) were applied. Data were analyzed using correlation coefficients and multiple linear regression models. Results: Significant correlations were reported between concern over COVID-19, anxiety, and depression. Regression analyses show adequate model fit (F-test = 76.064, p < .001), where concern about COVID-19 (β = ,316, p < .01) and anxiety (β = ,417, p < .01), are variables that significantly predict depression in Peruvian nurses (adjusted R2 = .39). Likewise, the t-values of the beta regression coefficients of the predictor variables are highly significant (p < .01). Conclusion: It is concluded that experiencing concern about COVID-19 infection and anxiety predict the occurrence of depressive symptoms in Peruvian nurses that found themselves working in the context of the health emergency.

[Concern about COVID-19 infection and workload as predictors of psychological distress during the health emergency in Peruvian healthcare personnel]. / Preocupación por el contagio de la COVID-19 y carga laboral como predictores del malestar psicológico durante la emergencia sanitaria en personal de salud de Perú.

INTRODUCTION: During the health emergency, there is concern about the mental health repercussions that Peruvian health workers, who represent the front line of care for COVID-19, may be experiencing. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether concern about COVID-19 and workloads predict psychological distress in healthcare workers. METHODS: Predictive study in which 367 workers (nurses, doctors, nursing assistants, obstetricians, dentists, psychologists, nutritionists, among others) from 12 health networks in the Puno region participated, selected through intentional non-probabilistic sampling. The data were collected via the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, the COVID-19 Scale of Concern and the Workload Scale. RESULTS: It was found that there are no significant differences between men and women in psychological discomfort and concern about COVID-19 infection and workload. Furthermore, highly significant correlations were found between the study variables (p <0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed an adequate adjustment for the model (F = 94.834; p <0.001), where concern about COVID-19 (ß = -0.436; p <0.01) and workload (ß = 0.239; p <0.01) are variables that significantly predict psychological discomfort (adjusted R2 = 0.33). CONCLUSIONS: Concern about COVID-19 and work overload predict psychological distress in health personnel in the Puno region.